- NEED HELP? CALL US NOW
- +919995411505
- [email protected]
1. Moderate exercise causes what change in blood flow to brain
- Increased
- Decreased
- Temporary increases then decrease
- No chance
ANSWER d
2. Pain to usually non noxious stimuli is called
- Allodynia
- Paresthesia
- Hyperesthesia
- Dysesthesia
ANSWER a
Allodynia is defined as "pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain." An example would be a light feather touch (that should only produce sensation), causing pain.
- Allodynia is different from hyperalgesia, which is an exaggerated response from a usually painful stimulus, although both can and often do co-exist.
- Both are types of neuropathic pain.
- Allodynia can be due to an underlying disease such as diabetes-induced neuropathic tactile allodynia or can be the primary disease process itself, such as in postherpetic neuralgia.
- It is often further classified by the type of stimulus causing the nociception, such as tactile, thermal, dynamic or static allodynia, or by the principal site of nociception, such as cutaneous allodynia.
3. Interference with oxygen exchange in lungs is a type of
- Histotoxic hypoxia
- Hypoxic hypoxia
- Anoxia anoxia
- Anoxemia
ANSWER b
Hypoxic hypoxia or generalized hypoxia
This refers to hypoxia resulting from an inadequate saturation of blood oxygen due to a reduced supply of oxygen in the air, decreased lung ventilation or respiratory disease. With this type of hypoxia, the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (paO2) is lower than normal. Some of the causes of hypoxic hypoxia include:
- A high altitude, where the concentration of atmospheric oxygen is decreased.
- Deep sea diving if there is an inadequate supply of oxygen in the breathing gas or if a rusting cylinder has extracted oxygen.
- For example The inhalation of nitrous oxide or laughing gas on a repeated basis for recreational purposes can decrease oxygen availability while increasing carbon dioxide levels.
- Sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea can interrupt airflow to the lungs.
- Certain diseases such as bronchial asthma, respiratory arrest, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causing inadequate ventilation of the lungs.
4. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs most commonly due to
- Temporary intermittent loss of tone of lower esophageal sphincter
- Hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter
- Hiatus hernia
- Inadequate esophageal clearance
ANSWER a
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or chronic acid reflux) is a condition in which acid-containing contents in your stomach persistently leak back up into your esophagus, the tube from your throat to your stomach.
GERD may develop if your lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes when it shouldn’t. Factors that may affect the lower esophageal sphincter and lead to GERD include
- Being overweight or having obesity
- Being pregnant
- Smoking or inhaling secondhand smoke
- Some medicines can cause gerd or make gerd symptoms worse. Examples include :
- Benzodiazepines, sedatives that make you calmer or sleepy
- Calcium channel blockers, which are used to treat high blood pressure nih external link
- Certain asthma nih external link medicines
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids)
- Tricyclic antidepressants NIH external link
A hiatal hernia can also increase the chance of getting GERD or make GERD symptoms worse. A hiatal hernia is a condition in which the opening in your diaphragm lets the upper part of the stomach move up into your chest.
5. The difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is
- Stem cells can form all hematogenous cell lineages while progenitor cell cannot
- Progenitor cells can’t differential further while stem cells can
- Stem cells are only present in bone marrow
- Meiosis is seen in stem cells
ANSWER a
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type.
