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1. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin in blood is not affected by which of the following
- 2,3 DPG
- Temperature
- Colour of skin
- Ratio of fetal to adult haemoglobin
ANSWER c
- Oxygen saturation is an essential element of patient care.
- Oxygen is tightly regulated within the body because hypoxemia can lead to many acute adverse effects on individual organ systems.
- These include the brain, heart, and kidneys.
- Oxygen saturation is a measure of how much hemoglobin is currently bound to oxygen compared to how much hemoglobin remains unbound.
- At the molecular level, hemoglobin consists of four globular protein subunits.
- Each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme groups that can readily bind molecular oxygen present in the blood. This means that a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules during transport in the blood.
- For adults, the normal range of SaO2 is 95 – 100%. A value lower than 90% is considered low oxygen saturation, which requires external oxygen supplementation.
NOTE
- An SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation, as determined by an arterial blood gas test) value below 90% indicates hypoxemia (which can also be caused by anemia). Hypoxemia due to low SaO2 is indicated by cyanosis. Oxygen saturation can be measured in different tissues.
- Venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin returning to the right side of the heart. It can be measured to see if oxygen delivery meets the tissues' demands. SvO2 typically varies between 60% and 80%.A lower value indicates that the body is in lack of oxygen, and ischemic diseases occur. This measurement is often used under treatment with a heart lung machine (extracorporeal circulation), and can give the perfusionist an idea of how much flow the patient needs to stay healthy.
- Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) can be measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Although the measurements are still widely discussed, they give an idea of tissue oxygenation in various conditions.
- Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is typically measured at a fingertip using a pulse oximeter.
2. Broca area brain is concerned with
- Speech comprehension
- Word formation
- Repetition
- Reading
ANSWER b
Broca's area, or the Broca area is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production.
Broca's area is a key component of a complex speech network, interacting with the flow of sensory information from the temporal cortex, devising a plan for speaking and passing that plan along to the motor cortex, which controls the movements of the mouth.
3. Measurement of HbA1c is useful for
- Screening controlled diabetes
- Screening uncontrolled diabetes
- Monitoring diabetes
- Confirmation diabetes
ANSWER c
HbA1c is your average blood glucose (sugar) levels for the last two to three months.HbA1c is what’s known as glycated haemoglobin.
A high HbA1c means you have too much sugar in your blood. This means you’re more likely to develop diabetes complications, like serious problems with your eyes and feet.
What is a normal HbA1c level?
A normal A1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7% to 6.4% prediabetes range, the higher your A1C, the greater your risk is for developing type 2 diabetes.
4. In an experiment a scientist injection myeloid stem cells in an ablated animal at the end of incubation period he found colonies of
- Erythrocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Fibroblasts
- Hematopoetic stem cells
ANSWER a
5. Which of the following enzyme initiates the event of 02 dependent killing by neutrophils?
- Catalases
- NADPH oxidase
- Superoxide dismutase
- Glutathione peroxide
