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1. Which of the following is true regarding cryptosporidial infection?
- Causes fulminant diarrhea in AIDS patient
- It is highly sensitive to aminoglycosides like tobramycin
- Cysts can be removed by water chlorination
- Immunocompromised patient are less susceptible than immunocompetent
ANSWER a
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan
Symptoms of cryptosporidiosis generally begin 2 to 10 days (average 7 days) after becoming infected with the parasite. The most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea. Symptoms include:
- Watery diarrhea
- Stomach cramps or pain
- Dehydration
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Weight loss
People with weakened immune systems may develop serious, chronic, and sometimes fatal illness. Examples of people with weakened immune systems include:
- People with HIV/AIDS;
- Those with inherited diseases that affect the immune system; and
- Cancer and transplant patients who are taking certain immunosuppressive drugs.
2. Which of the following is a true statement?
- Gomori- methanamine silver stains the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci green
- Gram negative bacteria appear red in gram staining
- Gram positive bacteria appear black
- Calcoflour white stains acanthamoeba
ANSWER b
Gram-negative bacteria have cell walls with thin layers of peptidoglycan (10% of the cell wall) and high lipid (fatty acid) content.
This causes them to appear red to pink under a Gram stain. Gram-negative organisms include: Neisseria gonorrheae and Neisseria meningitides
3. Regarding leptospirosis all are true except
- It is a zoonosis
- Lice act as reservoirs of diseases
- Humans are accidental hosts of the diseases
- Humans are the end hosts
ANSWER b
- Leptospirosis is usually spread to humans from animal pee containing the bacteria Leptospira. Almost any mammal (like rats, dogs, horses, pigs or cows) can get leptospirosis.
- They may have few or no symptoms of illness.
- Animals with leptospirosis can contaminate water or dirt (soil), which spreads the bacteria to other animals or humans.
- Directly touching pee or other body fluids from an animal with leptospirosis.
- Getting contaminated water or soil in your eyes, nose or mouth or in a break in your skin.
4. Which of the following lymph nodes are usually not palpable
- Axilla
- Neck
- Groin
- Abdomen
ANSWER d
5. Which of these is the best method to check perfusion of free flap
- Prick test
- Pulse oxymetry
- Laser doppler flowmetry
- Fluroscopy
ANSWER a
With the pinprick, the therapist gently touches the skin with the pin or back end and asks the patient whether it feels sharp or blunt. Light touch is tested by dabbing a piece of cotton wool on an area of skin. Both tests begin distally and then move proximally (aiming to test each dermatome and each main nerve).
