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1. An investigator is told to follow a group of 400 cardiac patients into the future who are administered a drug for intervention of the cardiac disease. What kind study design has been chosen:
- Prospective cohort
- Retrospective cohort
- Case control
- Observational
ANSWER a
A prospective cohort study is a type of observational study focused on following a group of people (called a cohort) over a period of time, collecting data on their exposure to a factor of interest. Their outcomes are then tracked, in order to investigate the association between the exposure and the outcome.
Examples
- Framingham Heart Study: Studied the effects of diet, exercise, and medications on the development of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease in residents of the city of Framingham, Massachusetts.
- Caerphilly Heart Disease Study: Examined relationships between a wide range of social, lifestyle, dietary, and other factors with incident vascular disease.
- The Million Women Study: Analyzed data from more than one million women aged 50 and over to understand the effects of hormone replacement therapy use on women’s health.
- Nurses’ Health Study: Studied the effects of diet, exercise, and medications on the development of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
- Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Mortality: Determined whether sleepdisordered breathing and its sequelae of intermittent hypoxemia and recurrent arousals are associated with mortality in a community sample of adults aged 40 years or older (Punjabi et al., 2009
2. Bone density for implant placement is best assessed using:
- USG
- CBCT
- MRI
- Color Doppler
ANSWER b
- Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a radiographic imaging method that allows accurate, three-dimensional (3D) imaging of hard tissue structures.
- CBCT is the most significant among the medical diagnostic imaging modalities that have emerged recently.
- This imaging modality is capable of providing sub-millimeter resolution (2 line pair/mm) images of higher diagnostic quality, with shorter scanning times (~60 s).
- Radiation exposure dose from CBCT is 10 times less than from conventional CT scans during maxillofacial exposure (68 µSv compared with 600 µSv of conventional CT) and also it has got great dimensional accuracy (only about 2% magnification).
- Increasing availability of this technology is now providing the dental clinician an imaging modality, which is capable of providing a 3D representation of the maxillofacial structures with minimal distortion and reduced radiation hazards.
3. Caries promoting mineral:
- Selenium
- Vanadium
- Fluoride
- Manganese
ANSWER a
Selenium has been found to produce structural changes in the dentin of teeth and also leads to changes in the mandibular condyles. An increase in dental caries has been found to occur in cases of selenium intake. Certain studies also indicate a direct relationship between susceptibility of dental caries and presence of selenium excreted in urine in children living in areas where selenium did not occur naturally.
4. Best material for orbital floor reconstruction:
- Rib graft
- iliac crest
- Calvarial graft
- Auricular graft
ANSWER c
5. HPV is associated with which malignancy
- Lymphoma
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- Cervical cancer
- Burkitts lymphoma
ANSWER c
Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers.
