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- Lactic acid is known to increase extracellular potassium (K+) concentration.
- Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, can cause an increase or decrease in extracellular K+ depending on the dose and the specific physiological conditions. In general, epinephrine has a tendency to increase extracellular K+. Glucagon has a tendency to increase extracellular K+.
- Atropine, which is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, can cause a decrease in extracellular K+. It's important to note that the exact effect of these substances on extracellular K+ can be influenced by various factors such as dose, duration, and overall physiological state o the organism.
2. Which of the following will be involved in baroreceptor reflex?
- Negative feedback
- Positive feedback
- Adaptive control
- Feed forward
ANSWER. A
The baroreceptor reflex involves negative feedback.
Baroreceptor reflex
Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptors allowing for relaying information derived from blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system. Information is then passed in rapid sequence to alter the total peripheral resistance and cardiac output, maintaining blood pressure within a preset, normalized range.
There are two types of baroreceptors:
- High-pressure arterial baroreceptors
- Low-pressure volume receptors, which are both stimulated by stretching of the vessel wall.
Baroreceptors constantly monitor how much blood you have in your blood vessels and what the pressure is inside them. When your blood pressure needs to change, your baroreceptors tell your brain. Your brain signals your heart or blood vessels to take action that raises or lowers your blood pressure.
Any change in your body’s demand for blood can trigger your baroreceptor reflex. For example, your body may need to adjust your blood pressure when you:
- Change your body position, such as when you stand.
- See or experience something that frightens you.
- Switch from walking to running.
Baroreceptor reflex includes neurons and the nerve fibers that carry their messages about your blood pressure. It also includes the cardiovascular system that receives those messages and acts on that information.
These include:
- Baroreceptors in your carotid arteries and aortic arch.
- Baroreceptors in your heart chambers and the blood vessels of your lungs.
- Cranial nerves.
- Parasympathetic nervous system.
- Sympathetic nervous system.
- Arterioles.
3. Most effective way of controlling rabies in the urban population?
- Test all dog for rabies
- Vaccinate the dog population
- Administer rabies vaccine to all humans
- Health education of people
ANSWER. B
The most effective way of controlling rabies in the urban population is to vaccinate the dog population. Rabies is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal, with dogs being the most common source of transmission. In order to control the spread of rabies in urban areas, it is crucial to focus on the dog population as a source of infection. This can be achieved by implementing programs to vaccinate dogs against rabies, either through mass vaccination campaigns or by requiring that all dogs be vaccinated as a condition of ownership. Testing all dogs for rabies would be helpful in identifying infected animals, but it is not a practical solution for controlling the spread of the disease in a large population.
Administering rabies vaccine to all humans is also important, but it is not as effective as controlling the disease at its source in the animal population. Health education of people is an important aspect of rabies control, but it is not enough on its own to prevent the spread of the disease. Vaccinating the dog population is the most effective way of controlling rabies in the urban population, as it addresses the source of infection and can prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
4. Green colour in Triage signifies:
- Dear patients
- High priority patients
- Ambulatory patients
- Moderate priority patients
ANSWER. C
Triage is the procedure of assigning levels of priority to tasks or individuals to determine the most effective order in which to deal with them.
The triage categories used in both systems are:
Red (immediate evaluation by physician),
Orange (emergent, evaluation within 15 min),
Yellow (potentially unstable, evaluation within 60 min),
Green (non-urgent, re-evaluation every 180 min),
Blue (minor injuries or complaints, re-evaluation every 240 min)
A triage tag is a prefabricated label placed on each patient that serves to accomplish several objectives:
- Identify the patient.
- Bear record of assessment findings.
- Identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.
- Track the patients' progress through the triage process.
- Identify additional hazards such as contamination.
5. Which of the following diseases has autosomal recessive Inheritance?
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Treacher collins syndrome
- Achondroplasia
- Cystic fibrosis
ANSWER. D
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic, progressive, and frequently fatal genetic (inherited) disease of the body’s mucus glands. CF primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems in children and young adults. The sweat glands and the reproductive system are also usually involved.
In cystic fibrosis, a defect (mutation) in a gene — the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene — changes a protein that regulates the movement of salt in and out of cells. The result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as increased salt in sweat.
It is autosomal recessive Inheritance
