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Frequently Asked MCQ Question and Discussion
1. Not an extrinsic membrane of larynx
- Cricothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
- Cricotracheal
- Hypoepiglottic
ANSWER a
- The larynx is a complex hollow structure located in the anterior midline region of the neck.
- It is anterior to the esophagus and at the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae in its normal position.
- It consists of a cartilaginous skeleton connected by membranes, ligaments and associated muscles that suspend it from surrounding structures.
Larynx Ligaments
There are two types of ligaments:
- Extrinsic ligaments that attach the larynx to other structures such as the hyoid or the trachea
- And the intrinsic ligaments that connect the larynx cartilages between them.
The intrinsic ligaments are the
- Cricothyroid,
- Cricocorniculate,
- Thyroepiglottic,
- Thyroarytenoid,
- Arytenoidepiglottic ligaments.
- The cricothyroid ligament or cricothyroid membrane is pyramid-shaped with its apex sitting in the middle of the thyroid cartilage, and its base in the superior border of the cricoid cartilage.
- The cricocorniculate ligaments are two fibrous bands linking the cricoid cartilage to the Santorini cartilages.
- The thyroepiglottic ligament connects the thyroid ligament to the epiglottis.
- The thyroarytenoid ligaments extend from the external part of the arytenoid cartilages to the middle part of the thyroid cartilage and subdivide into the superior ligament that sits next to superior vocal cords, and the inferior ligament that sits on the inferior vocal cords.
- The arytenoidepiglottic ligaments connect the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis.
The extrinsic ligaments are the
- Thyrohyoid,
- Hyoepiglottic,
- Cricotracheal ligaments.
- The thyrohyoid ligament or membrane attaches the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone and the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
- The hyoepiglottic ligament connects the surface of the epiglottis with the upper border of the hyoid bone.
- The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid ligament with the first ring of the trachea.
2. Muscles of mastication are derived from which branchial arch
- 1
- 2
- 5
- 6
ANSWER a
- The pharyngeal arches are early embryonic structures found in the developing embryo.
- They are bilateral tissue swellings that grow from the cephalic (head) part of the neural crest.
- As the embryo develops, these arches give rise to the cartilage, bone, nerves, muscles, glands, and connective tissue of the face, jaw, ear and neck. Each arch is innervated by a specific cranial nerve.
- There are six pharyngeal arches.
- However, the fifth arch regresses before development is complete. The five ‘true’ pharyngeal arches (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 6) are part of the pharyngeal/branchial (branchia - gills/jowls) apparatus.
- The entire pharyngeal apparatus consists of arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes, all of which are early embryonic structures with roles in the formation of the face and neck structures
3. With advancing age pattern of bone resorption in mandible becomes
- Centrifugal
- Centripetal
- Depends upon stage
- Centrifugal anteriorly centripetal posteriorly
ANSWER a
4. All are supplied by anterior division of mandibular nerve except
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
- Temporalis
- Masseter
ANSWER a
- The mandibular nerve, or the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve , is the third division of the trigeminal nerve.
- BRANCHES
Direct branches (prior to bifurcation)
- Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
- Branches of mandibular nerve to otic ganglion
- Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle → Nerve to tensor veli palatini,nerve to tensor tympani
Anterior division
- Buccal nerve
- Masseteric nerve
- Deep temporal nerves
- Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle
Posterior division
- Auriculotemporal nerve
- Lingual nerve
- Inferior alveolar nerve → nerve to mylohyoid muscle → muscular branch to anterior belly of digastric muscle
5. Which of the following is not a pneumatic bone?
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Frontal
- Ethmoid
ANSWER b
- Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones.
- It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space, such as the lungs or nasal cavity.
- Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development.
