1. Infarction of anterior inferior cerebellar artery may cause damage to?

a. Vestibular nuclei

b. Pyramidal tract

c. Corticospinal tract

d. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

ANSWER: a

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is one of the lateral branches of the basilar artery which supplies various structures of the posterior cranial fossa, most importantly the cerebellum and pons

• AICA infarction may be of cardio-embolic or athero-embolic origin (rupture of atherosclerotic/arteriosclerotic plaque).
• Patients present with a lateral pontine syndrome, also known as the AICA syndrome and have a sudden onset of severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting, nystagmus (vestibular nuclei)
• Ipsilateral hemiataxia (middle cerebellar peduncle)
• Ipsilateral, lower motor neuron facial weakness
• Ipsilateral loss of lacrimation and salivation
• Ipsilateral loss of taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue and loss of corneal reflex (CN VII nucleus and nerve)
• Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature from the face (spinal trigeminal nucleus)
• Ipsilateral hearing loss and tinnitus (cochlear nuclei) and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome (descending sympathetic tracts).
• There is a contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the body (lateral spinothalamic tract).
• It is important to distinguish the AICA syndrome from lateral medullary syndrome caused by infarction in the distribution of the PICA which presents with severe dysphagia, dysarthria, and dysphonia and also does not have lower motor facial paralysis, loss of lacrimation and taste which are prominent features of the AICA syndrome

2. Chief cells are located in gastric gland in the region ?

a. Fundus

b. Isthumus

c. Neck

d. Equally spread

ANSWER: a

LOCATION

• In mammals, chief cells are located at the base of glands distributed throughout the fundus and corpus of the stomach.
• It is thought that chief cells derive from mucous neck cells located in the midportion of the glands.

FUNCTION

• The primary function of gastric chief cells is the synthesis and release of the proenzyme pepsinogen, which subsequently, in an acid environment, is converted to the acid protease pepsin.

Hence, like other enzyme-secreting cells of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., pancreatic acinar cells), chief cells contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and apical large dense zymogen-containing granules that occupy more than a third of the cell volume

3. GALT (Gut associated Lymphoid tissue) is primarily located in?

a. Submucosa

b. Muscularis mucosa

c. Serosa

d. Lamina propria

ANSWER: d

• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a component of the mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut.
• The gut-associated lymphoid tissue lies throughout the intestine, covering an area of approximately 260–300 m2.
• In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (villi), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents.
• These epithelial cells are covered by a layer of glycocalyx on their luminal surface so as to protect cells from the acid pH.
• Both GALT and mesenteric lymph nodes are sites where the immune response is started due to the presence of immune cells through the epithelial cells and the lamina propria.

4. Disinfection can be done by all except?

a. 5% chlorhexidine

b. 2-3% cetremide

c. 100% alcohol

d. Izole

ANSWER: c

5. Chemotactic Cytokine is?

a. IL-1

b. IL-6

c. IL-8

d. TNF

ANSWER: c

• Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells during the inflammatory process.
• It is not a chemotactic factor for monocytes.
• IL-8 is involved in neutrophil activation, and is released from several cell types in response to inflammation, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and intestine, kidney, placenta, and bone marrow cells.
• It is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and is structurally related to platelet factor 4.
• IL-8 is involved in mitogenesis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammation, chemotaxis, neutrophil degranulation, leukocyte activation, and calcium homeostasis.