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Cephalometrics
Cephalograms can be of 2 types:
A. Lateral Cephalogram: This provides a lateral view of the skull
B. Frontal Cephalogram: This provides an anterio posterior view of the skull
1. DOWNS ANALYSIS:
One of the most frequently used cephalometric analysis is the Downs analysis
Downs had based his findings on 20 Caucasian individuals of 12-17 year age group belonging to both the sexes. It consists of 10 parameters of which five are skeletal and five are dental.
A. Lateral Cephalogram: This provides a lateral view of the skull
B. Frontal Cephalogram: This provides an anterio posterior view of the skull
1. DOWNS ANALYSIS:
One of the most frequently used cephalometric analysis is the Downs analysis
Downs had based his findings on 20 Caucasian individuals of 12-17 year age group belonging to both the sexes. It consists of 10 parameters of which five are skeletal and five are dental.
SKELETAL PARAMETERS. |
AVERAGE VALUE |
FACIAL ANGLE |
87.5° |
ANGLE OF CONVEXITY |
0° |
A-B PLANE ANGLE |
-4.6° |
MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE |
21.9° |
Y AXIS |
59° |
DENTAL PARAMETERS |
AVERAGE VALUE |
CANT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE |
9.3° |
INTER INCISAL ANGLE |
135.4° |
INCISOR OCCLUSAL PLANE ANGLE |
14.5° |
INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE |
1.4° |
UPPER INCISOR TO A-POG LINE |
2.7mm |
STEINER ANALYSIS:
Steiner in the year 1930 developed this analysis with the idea of providing maximal clinical information with the least number of measurements.
Steiner analysis is divided into 3 parts:
A. Skeletal analysis
B. Dental analysis
C. Soft tissue analysis
Steiner in the year 1930 developed this analysis with the idea of providing maximal clinical information with the least number of measurements.
Steiner analysis is divided into 3 parts:
A. Skeletal analysis
B. Dental analysis
C. Soft tissue analysis
SKELETAL ANALYSIS |
AVERAGE VALUE |
SNA ANGLE |
82° |
SNB ANGLE |
80° |
ANB ANGLE |
2° |
MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE |
32° |
OCCLUSAL PLANE ANGLE |
14.5° |
DENTAL ANALYSIS |
AVERAGE VALUE |
UPPER INCISOR TO N-A (ANGLE) |
22° |
UPPER INCISOR TO N-A (LINEAR) |
4mm |
LOWER INCISOR TO N-B(ANGLE) |
25° |
LOWER INCISOR TO N-B(LINEAR) |
4mm |
INTER INCISOR ANGLE |
130-131° |
Soft tissue analysis:
S-line: According to steiner, the lips in a well balanced face should touch a line extending from soft tissue contour of the chin to the middle of an 'S' formed by the lower border of the nose. If the lips are located beyond this line then the lips are believed to be protrusive and is interpreted as a convex profile. If the lips are behind the line they are said to be retrusive and the patient may have a concace profile.
TWEED ANALYSIS:
The Tweed analysis makes use of three planes that form a diagnostic triangle. The planes used are:
S-line: According to steiner, the lips in a well balanced face should touch a line extending from soft tissue contour of the chin to the middle of an 'S' formed by the lower border of the nose. If the lips are located beyond this line then the lips are believed to be protrusive and is interpreted as a convex profile. If the lips are behind the line they are said to be retrusive and the patient may have a concace profile.
TWEED ANALYSIS:
The Tweed analysis makes use of three planes that form a diagnostic triangle. The planes used are:
- Frankfort horizontal plane
- Mandibular plane
- Long axis of lower incisor
FRANKFORT MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE(FMPA) |
25° |
INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE(IMPA) |
90° |
FRANKFORT MANDIBULAR INCISOR ANGLE(FMIA) |
65° |
