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1. APUD cells are seen in:
- Bronchial adenoma
- Bronchial carcinoid
- Hepatic adenoma
- Villous adenoma
ANSWER b
Bronchial carcinoids are derived from enterochromaffin cells within the lung," and enterochromaffin cells are APUD cells." Thus tumors derived from these cells are apudomas.
2. Which of the following can develop into lung cancer?
- Asbestosis
- Silicosis
- Byssinosis
- Anthracosis
ANSWER a
3. Scar in lung tissue may get transformed into:
- Adenocarcinoma
- Oat cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Columnar cell carcinoma
ANSWER a
Lung scar carcinoma (LSC) was first described in 1939 by Friedrich as a form of lung cancer that originates from peripheral scars in the lung. These, in turn, may arise from infection, injury, intrinsic pulmonary disease, or recurrent episodes of tumor necrosis and healing.
The most common etiologic factor for the development of LSC is scarring secondary to tuberculosis, but it is also known to occur in the setting of pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary infarction.
LSC is most commonly subpleural adenocarcinoma with no evidence of bronchial origin and is characterized histologically by contiguity with dense, hyalinized scar tissue that itself does not comprise any tumor cells.
4. Cavity formation is observed in one of the following bronchogenic carcinoma:
- Squamous cell
- Oat cell
- Adenocarcinoma
- Bronchoalveolar
ANSWER a
Important points about Squamous cell carcinoma of lung
- Most common type of lung cancer in smokers.
- Most common type in males
- Usually central in location (arise from the segmental bronchi)
- Intercellular bridges or junction is very specific.
- Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome
5. All give rise to malignancy except
- Cholelithiasis
- Bronchiectasis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Paget’s disease
ANSWER b
Bronchiectasis cannot cause malignancy.
The complications which may be associated with bronchiectasis are: Cor pulmonale, metastatic brain abscesses, and amyloidosis.
To be considered bronchiectasis, the dilation should be permanent; reversible bronchial dilation often accompanies viral and bacterial pneumonia.
Bronchiectasis is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection. The most common symptoms of bronchiectasis include: a persistent cough that usually brings up phlegm (sputum) shortness of breath.
