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Vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Retinal Retinoic acid | spinach, kale, carrots, liver, kidney, fish, eggs, butter | Vision, Gene transcription, Tissue maintenance and cell differentiation, Antioxidant | Night blindness Retinopathy Xerophthalmia Keratomalacia Bitot spots, Keratinizing squamous metaplasia, immunosuppression poor growth  |
Acute toxicity - Nausea, vomiting, Vertigo, Fatigue,Headache, Blurred vision
Chronic toxicity - Alopecia, Arthralgia , Dry skin, scaling, Hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic toxicity, Pseudotumor cerebri Teratogenic effects are also seen. |
Vitamin D
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D | mushrooms, fortified foods, Synthesized in the skin when exposed to UV light | Increases Absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestine, ↑ Reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys ,bone mineralization and remodelling | Osteomalacia in adults, Rickets in kids, Hypocalcaemia (tetany symptoms)
 |
Granulomatous disorders, hypercalcemia, Loss of appetite |
Vitamin E
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Tocopherol | meat, eggs, vegetable oils, leafy vegetables | Antioxidant property, Prevents haemolytic anaemia, prevents toxicity of liver, gonads germinal layer protection | Decreased Male fertility, encephalomalacia, muscular dystrophy,
 |
Necrotising enterocolitis in infants, alteration of vitamin k metabolism, |
Vitamin K
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| hydroqunone | Leafy green vegetables (vitamin K1) Eggs, dairy, and meat (vitamin K2) Synthesized in small amounts by intestinal bacteria | Post translational modification of 2,7,9,10 blood clotting factors | Prolonged clotting time, Liver toxicity, Vitamin k antagonist, Haemorrhage, Vitamin k deficiency bleeding
 |
Over supplementation can cause jaundice, Kernicterus in infants, Haemolytic anaemia |
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B1
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| thiamine pyrophosphate | Yeast, pork, legumes, whole grain cereal | Carbohydrate & amino acid metabolism, Acetylcholine synthesis, Transmission of nerve impulse. | Dry beriberi / peripheral neuritis Wet beriberi / cardiac manifestations Cerebral /Wernicke’s encephalopathy with korsakoff’s psychosis
 |
Excess amount are excreted via urine. Insomnia, headache, Drowsiness, hypersensitivity are possible. |
Vitamin B2
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Flavin mononucleotide | meat, fish, eggs, milk, green vegetables, yeast | FAD & FMN are cofactors involved in redox reactions. Succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle , Glutathione reductase in erythrocytes | Cheilitis, glossitis, Seborrheic dermatitis, corneal vascularization, |
Excess amount are excreted via urine. |
Vitamin B3
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Synthesized from tryptophan | meat (liver), cereals, seeds, legumes | Cofactor for redox reactions | Pellagra, bald tongue of sand with, raw beefy tongue, profuse salivation
 |
Excess amount are excreted via urine. Facial flushing, podagral, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperuricemia |
Vitamin B5
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Pantothenic acid | Liver, kidney, egg yolks, broccoli, milk | Essential component for co-enzyme (Pantothenic acid + ADP+ cysteine Cofactor for fatty acid, cholesterol | Burning feet syndrome.
 |
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Vitamin B6
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
Pyridoxal phosphate |
nuts, whole grains, vegetables, yeast, meat | PLP is co enzyme for Transamination Decarboxylation Amino acid metabolism Glycogenolysis Involved in the synthesis of heme, histamine, niacin, Glutathione, cystathionine and neurotransmitters |
 |
Dizziness, |
Vitamin B7
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Biotin | Soy products, nuts ,eggs and synthetized by microbial flora | Coenzyme for carboxylase reactions Fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid reduction, citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis | Uncommon as its well distributed in food
 |
Not known |
Vitamin B9
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| Tetrahydrofolic acid | Leafy green vegetables, fortified foods Small amounts are synthesized in intestinal flora | Required for amino acid ( glycine, serine ), purines and pyrimidines synthesis | Macrocytic Anaemia, glossitis, spina bifida during foetus development
 |
unknown |
Vitamin B12
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| methyl cobalamin and adenosylcobalamin (Erythrocyte maturation factor) | Only intestinal microorganism and animals can produce it. | Co factor for enzymes : Methionine synthase, Methyl malonyl – CoA mutase | Pernicious anaemia, Autonomic Dysfunction, Myelin sheath, posterior, lateral tracts of spinal cord & peripheral nerves degeneration can cause neurologic problems, hunter’s glossitis / Moeller’s glossitis, beefy red tongue.
|
Nontoxic unless large amount is consumed. Pruritis, Urticaria, Anaphylaxis, Contact dermatitis. |
Vitamin C
| Active form | Sources | Functions | Deficiency | Toxicity |
| ascorbate | fruits and vegetables | Antioxidant, Promotes Iron absorption, Co enzymes for enzymatic reactions for collagen and nor adrenaline synthesis. | Scurvy, Delayed wound healing, cork screw hair pattern, trummer field zone – histologic features of bone in scurvy.
Woody legs & spontaneous bruises in lower extremities |
Nephrolithiasis, Increase in risk of iron absorption, Nausea, bloating, diarrhoea |
MCQs
1. Tocopherol is associated with
a) Vitamin Ab) Vitamin E
c) Vitamin K
d) Vitamin D
Answer: B
Vitamin E (also known as tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol) is a type of antioxidant, a substance that protects cells from damage. It helps your nerves and muscles work well, prevents blood clots, and boosts the immune system
